Remediation of toxins in biorefinery process streams

ABSTRACT

Provided are methods and systems for remediating toxins present in feedstock that are used in processes to produce ethanol and other products.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional patent application of non-provisional patent application Ser. No. 16/050,681 filed on Jul. 31, 2018, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,076,621 B2 which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/539,226, filed Jul. 31, 2017, the disclosure of which is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to systems and methods for remediation of toxins in biorefinery process streams.

BACKGROUND

Cereal grains are often used as feedstock for the production of target chemicals in a biorefinery. The cereal grains are typically milled and further processed to convert starch and/or cellulose contained in the grains into fermentable sugars. The sugars are then converted into the target chemicals by microorganisms, such as yeasts, in a fermentation process. The fermentation product includes the target chemical and other materials which may include for example, water and other components such as oils, proteins, and residual carbohydrates including starches, sugars, and fiber. The target chemical is separated from the fermentation product and the other components are often collected as one or more co-products. An important class of co-products is nutritional products. The value of nutritional co-products is affected by contaminants that pass through the biorefinery process and into the co-product. For example, cereal grains can become infected with pathogens that produce a variety of toxins known as mycotoxins. There are many mycotoxins including, for example, various aflatoxins, ochratoxin, citrinin, ergo alkaloids, patulin, and fusarium toxins including for example zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, and fumonisin among others. The presence or severity of toxins in cereal grains is affected by the growing conditions for a particular location in a particular year. What is needed is an economical way to effectively reduce or eliminate toxins from biorefinery co-products.

The present invention provides for the remediation of toxins in biorefinery co-products by treating biorefinery process streams with a toxin mitigant.

The biorefinery feedstock may include cereal grains such as, for example, corn, wheat, sorghum, and rice among others.

The remediation may involve, for example, introducing a treatment compound into one or more process streams during or between process steps that will react with the toxin. For example, the treatment compound may be a sulfur containing compound such as a sulfate, sulfite, bisulfite, metabisulfite, and others. For example, the treatment compound may be ammonium bisulfite, potassium bisulfite, sodium bisulfite, and others. These compounds will react with some toxins to form less toxic or non-toxic sulfur compounds. For example, deoxynivalenol (DON) will react with sodium bisulfite to form sulfonated derivative of DON, termed as DON sulfonate or DONS.

Process steps may include one or more of inputting feedstock into the biorefinery, milling the feedstock to a meal or flour, mixing of the milled material with water to form a slurry, heating of the slurry to liquefy one or more components of the slurry, enzymatically hydrolyzing components of the slurry, fermenting the slurry, collecting the fermentation product, separating the fermentation product into different components, collecting fermentation product streams, dewatering, and collecting co-products. Not all of these steps need be used in any particular biorefinery operation.

SUMMARY

The present invention provides for the remediation of toxins in biorefinery co-products by treating biorefinery process streams with a toxin mitigant.

The biorefinery feedstock may include cereal grains such as, for example, corn, wheat, sorghum, and rice among others.

The remediation may involve, for example, introducing a treatment compound into one or more process streams during or between process steps that will react with the toxin. For example, the treatment compound may be a sulfur containing compound such as a sulfate, sulfite, bisulfite, metabisulfite, and others. For example, the treatment compound may be ammonium bisulfite, potassium bisulfite, sodium bisulfite, and others. These compounds will react with some toxins to form less toxic or non-toxic compounds. For example, deoxynivalenol (DON) will react with sodium bisulfite to form sulfonated derivative of DON, termed as DON sulfonate or DONS.

Process steps may include one or more of inputting feedstock into the biorefinery, milling the feedstock to a meal or flour, mixing of the milled material with water to form a slurry, heating of the slurry to liquefy one or more components of the slurry, enzymatically hydrolyzing components of the slurry, fermenting the slurry, collecting the fermentation product, separating the fermentation product into different components, collecting fermentation product streams, dewatering, and collecting co-products. Not all of these steps need be used in any particular biorefinery operation.

In one aspect of the invention is a process for remediating mycotoxin in one or more biorefinery process streams, wherein the process comprises introducing one or more treatment compounds into at least one grain biorefinery process stream to form a treated grain biorefinery process stream, wherein the at least one grain biorefinery process stream comprises a mycotoxin in a first amount, wherein the one or more treatment compounds react with the mycotoxin to form a treated mycotoxin, and wherein the treated grain biorefinery process stream comprises the mycotoxin in a second amount, wherein the second amount is less than the first amount.

In another aspect of the invention is a system for remediating toxins comprising: a reactant storage system comprising one or more treatment compounds; and a metering system in fluid communication with the reactant storage system, wherein the system is adapted to be coupled to one or more grain biorefinery process streams to add a controlled amount of the one or more treatment compounds into the one or more grain biorefinery process streams, to produce a treated grain biorefinery process stream, wherein the at least one grain biorefinery process stream comprises a mycotoxin in a first amount, wherein the one or more treatment compounds reacts with the mycotoxin to form a treated mycotoxin, and wherein the treated grain biorefinery process stream comprises the mycotoxin in a second amount, wherein the second amount is less than the first amount.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Various examples of the present invention will be discussed with reference to the appended drawings. These drawings depict only illustrative examples of the invention and are not to be considered limiting of its scope.

FIG. 1 is a flow diagram of a cereal grain-to-ethanol conversion process.

FIG. 2 is a flow diagram of a toxin remediation system.

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of a toxin remediation system connected to a process stream.

FIG. 4 is a graphical representation of sodium bisulfate dose (SBS) and deoxynivalenol (DON).

FIG. 5 is a graphical representation of reduction in DON in response to dwell time.

FIG. 6 is a graphical representation of DON amount in syrup for two different bisulfites.

FIG. 7 is a graphical representation of DON present in DDGS in a grain-to-ethanol conversion process.

DESCRIPTION

Described herein are methods and systems to reduce the toxicity, the concentration, or both (referred herein as “remediation”) of one or more toxins present in feedstock used in biorefinery processes. “Biorefinery” as used herein refers to a facility that processes biological material (such as seed, grain, crop waste or feedstock) to produce products such as as ethanol, and other products such as animal feed (dried distiller's grain).

One example of the invention is shown in FIG. 1 depicting an ethanol biorefinery operation 100 that produces animal feed as a co-product. Grain 102 that has been contaminated with toxin is used as feedstock for the production of ethanol in the biorefinery. The grain 102 is reduced in size in a milling system 104. The milled grain 106 is mixed with water and further treated, for example thermally and/or enzymatically, to convert starch and fiber into fermentable sugars in a saccharification system 108. The resulting slurry 111 is combined with an ethanologen (e.g. yeast) to convert the sugars into ethanol in a fermentation system 112. In embodiments, the saccharification and fermentation can occur simultaneously in a single system (e.g. in an SSF fermentation system). The fermentation product, or beer 114, includes ethanol, water, oil, dissolved solids, toxin, protein, yeast, and residual carbohydrates including starch, sugar, and fiber. The beer 114 may be collected in a beer storage system 116 prior to further processing. The beer 114 is distilled in a distillation system 118 to separate the ethanol 120 from the other components, called whole stillage 122, of the beer 114. The whole stillage 122 is processed in a stillage separation system 124 into cake 126 and thin stillage 128. The cake 126 contains more of the solid particulate matter from the beer 114 including fiber, protein, yeast, and residual solid starch and some liquid including water, oil, and dissolved solids. The thin stillage 128 contains more of the liquid from the beer 114 including water, oil, and dissolved solids. The toxin is distributed in the cake 126 and thin stillage 128. However, because the toxin is water soluble, more of it is contained in the thin stillage 128. The thin stillage 128 is concentrated in an evaporation system 130 to form syrup 132. The syrup 132 may be collected in a syrup storage system 133 prior to further processing. The syrup 132 and cake 126 may be combined and dried in a drying system 134 to produce dried distillers grain with solubles (DDGS) 136. Examples of biorefinery operations are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,842,484, 8,409,640, 7,919,291, 8,470,550, 8,748,141, 8,679,793, 8,597,919, 8,702,819, 4,092,434, and 4,316,956 all of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

In the example of FIG. 1 , a treatment compound (e.g. sulfur compound) is introduced into a process stream of the biorefinery operation. The treatment compound combines with the toxin to form a less toxic or non-toxic compound. Since the toxin enters the biorefinery with the grain, it is present in many of the biorefinery process streams and the treatment compound may be introduced to any of these streams to react with the toxin. For example the treatment compound may be introduced in a stream 202 that mixes with the grain 102 prior to or during milling. The treatment compound may be introduced in a stream 204 that mixes with the milled grain 106 prior to or during saccharification 108. The treatment compound may be introduced in a stream 206 that mixes with the slurry 111 prior to or during fermentation 112. The treatment compound may be introduced in a stream 208 or 210 that mixes with the beer 114 prior to or during distillation 118. The treatment compound may be introduced in a stream 212 that mixes with the whole stillage 122 prior to or during stillage separation 124. The treatment compound may be introduced in a stream 214 that mixes with the thin stillage prior to or during evaporation 130. The treatment compound may be introduced in a stream 216 or 217 that mixes with the syrup prior to or during drying 134. The treatment compound may be introduced in a stream 218 that mixes with cake prior to or during drying 134. The treatment compound may be introduced in a stream 220 that mixes with the DDGS.

While introduction of the treatment compound in any one or more of the streams 202, 204, 206, 208, 210, 212, 214, 216, 217, 218, 220 may remediate the toxin, the present inventors have found that certain factors enhance the effectiveness of the remediation. It has been found that mixing in an aqueous environment facilitates the reaction. It has likewise been found that elevated temperature facilitates the reaction. Similarly, less volume of the treatment compound solution is required if a stream is chosen in which the toxin has been concentrated. The present inventors have found that toxin levels are concentrated three to five times in DDGS in an ethanol operation. Most of the one or more toxins are concentrated via the thin stillage to syrup process stream. In addition, it may be desirable not to introduce the treatment compound into the fermentation system 112 so as not to introduce changes in the carefully controlled fermentation environment. Similarly, it may be desirable not to introduce the treatment compound into the distillation system 118 to avoid any additional material that might deposit on distillation system equipment. A portion of the thin stillage is often used as recycled water that is fed back to a prior process step, such as saccharification 108 and/or fermentation 112 as shown for example at 222, and it may be desirable to avoid recycling treatment compound to a prior process step. For these reasons, it is preferable to introduce the treatment compound into the hot, aqueous thin stillage or syrup, where most of the toxin is concentrated, after any recycled thin stillage has been drawn off for recycle water purposes but before the DDGS has been fully dried. It may also be desirable not to introduce the treatment compound into the evaporation system 130 to avoid any additional material that might deposit on evaporation equipment. It is believed that introducing the treatment compound into the syrup via stream 216 may be most advantageous. Wherever the treatment compound is introduced, the reaction may benefit from increased dwell time such as, for example, the dwell time of the syrup in the syrup storage system 133.

The treatment compound may be introduced via a toxin remediation system 300 as shown in FIG. 2 . In the example of FIG. 2 , the toxin remediation system 300 includes a reactant storage system 302 containing an aqueous solution of the treatment compound and a metering system 304 in fluid communication with the reactant storage system 302 and the desired introduction point in the process stream. For example, the metering system 304 may connect directly to any one or more of the streams 202, 204, 206, 208, 210, 212, 214, 216, 217, 218, 220. For example, the toxin remediation system 400 of FIG. 2 may be a skid mounted self-contained unit that is inserted into an existing process stream in an existing operation to provide for toxin remediation Toxin levels may be monitored and a controller may be used to control the metering system to deliver a dose of treatment compound sufficient to reduce toxin levels to an acceptable threshold (e.g. values as reported by the US Food & Drug Administration (FDA)). Toxin levels may be monitored at any point in the biorefinery operation. For example the toxin level in incoming grain may be monitored and a dose may be calculated based on those levels. In another example, the toxin level may be monitored in the DDGS and the toxin remediation system controlled to maintain the DDGS toxin level within an acceptable range. In another example the toxin level may be monitored in a process stream upstream of the toxin remediation system and also in a process stream downstream of the toxin remediation system. Alternatively, monitoring may be omitted and a sufficient dose of treatment compound may be administered to treat maximum expected values of toxins. At times when no toxin is present the toxin remediation system can be idled to stop the flow of treatment compound to conserve treatment compound and reduce costs. For example, grain may be tested prior to entry into the biorefinery, and in crop years and regions where toxins are present above a threshold value the remediation system can be employed.

Depending on the time for reacting and the other considerations, the dosing of the treatment compound can be conducted in a batch process or a continuous process.

FIG. 3 depicts a toxin remediation system 400 configured to be connected in line with a process stream. For example, the toxin remediation system 400 of FIG. 3 may be a skid mounted self-contained unit that is inserted into an existing process stream in an existing operation to provide for toxin remediation. In the example of FIG. 3 , the toxin remediation system 400 includes an inlet 402, an outlet 404, a reactant storage system 406 containing an aqueous solution of the treatment compound, a metering system 408 in fluid communication with the reactant storage system 406, and a mixing system 410 in fluid communication with the inlet 402, the metering system 410 and the outlet 404. The toxin remediation system 400 may be connected to a biorefinery operation by connecting an upstream process step to the inlet 402 and connecting the outlet 404 to a downstream process step. The toxin remediation system 400 may include one or more sensing or sampling systems 412, 414. For example the toxin level at the inlet may be monitored and communicated to the metering system 408 where it may be used to adjust the flow rate of the treatment compound. Likewise, the toxin level at the outlet may be monitored and communicated to the metering system 408 where it may be used to adjust the flow rate of the treatment compound. At times when no toxin is present the toxin remediation system can stop the flow of treatment compound to conserve treatment compound and reduce costs. The sensing or sampling systems 412, 414 are not required and it is anticipated that grain will be sampled and tested for the presence of toxins before entry into the biorefinery. Grain samples may be periodically taken and tested. Likewise, a process stream, e.g. DDGS, may be periodically tested to determine the need for and/or effectiveness of toxin remediation.

While most of the application describes the process with respect to grain, other feedstocks are also within the scope of this application. Feedstock includes seed, grains and other feedstock. For example, grains include cereal grains such as corn, wheat, barley, rice, sorghum, and rye. Further, while the production of ethanol is described, due to its particular utility as a fuel, any process that converts a feedstock into a target chemical and a nutritional co-product (e.g. animal feed) is considered within the scope of this application.

The compounds, compositions, and methods described herein can reduce or make non-toxic a variety of toxins. In embodiments, the toxin is one or more mycotoxins. Mycotoxins are toxic fungal metabolites, often found in agricultural products that are characterized by their ability to cause health problems for humans and animals. Mycotoxins include compounds such as aflatoxins, ochratoxins, patulin, fumonisins, zearalenones, and trichothecenes. They are produced for example by different Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium and Alternaria species.

Examples of trichothecene mycotoxins include T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, isotrichodermol, diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), 3-deacetylcalonectrin, 3, 15-dideacetylcalonectrin, scirpentriol, neosolaniol; 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, nivalenol, 4-acetylnivalenol (fusarenone-X), 4, 15-diacetylnivalenol, 4,7,15-acetylnivalenol, and deoxynivalenol (DON, also known as vomitoxin), and their various acetylated derivatives. The most common trichothecene in Fusarium head blight is deoxynivalenol produced for example by Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum.

In embodiments, the reaction between a treatment compound and toxin results in a less toxic or non-toxic toxin. In embodiments, the treatment compound is a sulfur oxyanion. In embodiments, the treatment compound is a sulfur containing compound such as sulfate, sulfite, bisulfite, metabisulfite or combination thereof. In embodiments the treatment compound is ammonium bisulfite, potassium bisulfite, sodium bisulfite, or combination thereof.

In embodiments, the treatment compound is introduced into one or more biorefinery streams or systems by reacting the toxin and treatment compound for a dwell time of between 1 second to about 24 hours. In embodiments, the dwell time is less than 10 minutes. In embodiments, the dwell time is greater than 24 hours. In embodiments, the treatment compound is introduced into one or more biorefinery streams or systems by reacting the toxin and treatment compound for a dwell time of about 1 second to 1 minute, from about 1 minute to about 5 minutes, from about 5 minutes to 180 minutes, from about 10 minutes to 30 minutes, from about 30 minutes to 60 minutes, from about 60 minutes to 90 minutes, or from about 90 minutes to 180 minutes. In embodiments, the treatment compound is introduced into one or more biorefinery streams or systems by reacting the toxin and treatment compound for a dwell time of about 1 hour to 24 hours, from 1.5 hours to 5 hours, from 5 hours to 12 hours, or from 12 hours to 24 hours.

In embodiments, treatment compound is introduced into one or more biorefinery streams by reacting the toxin and treatment compound at a temperature from about 30° C. to 120° C., 30° C. to 60° C., 35° C. to 80° C., 45° C. to 90° C., 50° C. to 100° C., or 55° C. to 120° C. to result in a treated biorefinery process stream.

In embodiments, the treated biorefinery process streams are whole stillage, thin stillage, syrup, cake, dried distiller's grain, or combination thereof. In embodiments, the treated biorefinery process stream is syrup. In embodiments, the treated biorefinery process stream is syrup. In embodiments, the treated biorefinery process stream is dried distiller's grain with solubles (DDGS).

In embodiments, the biorefinery process stream is an aqueous stream having a solids content of less than 90%, less than 75%, less than 60%, less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, less than 20%, less than 10%, less than 5% by weight. In embodiments, the biorefinery process stream has a solids content of 5-60%, 15-40%, 35-50%, 40-60% by weight.

In embodiments, the treatment compound is added to one or more biorefinery process streams from about 0.05% to about 5% weight of the biorefinery stream. In embodiments, the treatment compound includes a sulfur containing compound and the dose is limited such that the sulfur in the final product, e.g. DDGS, is no more than an acceptable threshold value. For example, the amount of sulfur in DDGS may be limited to be less than 5%; less than 3%; or even less than 1% by weight of the DDGS on a dry weight basis. In embodiments, the treatment compound dose is limited so that the sulfur in the DDGS is increased by the treatment by no more than 0.5% by weight of the DDGS on a dry weight basis.

In embodiments, the reaction is between a sulfur oxyanion and DON e.g. between a sulfite and a DON to result in a treated DON-sulfonate. In embodiments, the treatment compound is dry powdered SBS and is supplied in an amount from about 0.01 to about 0.1, e.g. from about 0.02 to about 0.05 grams SBS per dry gram syrup, or equivalent dose. In embodiments, the treatment compound is a 38% aqueous solution of SBS and is supplied in an amount from about 0.5 gallons per minute and about 2.0 gallons per minute; e.g. from about 1.0 to about 1.5 gallons per minute to a syrup stream in a commercial scale biorefinery. In embodiments, the treatment compound is a 38% aqueous solution of SBS and is supplied in an amount between 0.05% to about 5% weight of the biorefinery process stream. In embodiments, the treatment compound is a 38% aqueous solution of SBS and is supplied in an amount between 0.05% to about 5% weight of the syrup process stream.

In embodiments, the concentration of the toxin after treatment with the treatment compound is reduced by 30% or more or from about 30-99%, from 30-60%, from 45% to 75%, or from 70% to 99% of the toxin before introduction of the treatment compound.

In embodiments, the treated mycotoxin is reduced by 30% or more or from about 30-99%, from 30-50%, from 45%-75%, or from 70%-99% of the untreated, initially present toxin. In embodiments, the mycotoxin (e.g. DON) is reduced by 30% or more or from about 30-99%, from 30-50%, from 45%-75%, or from 70%-99% of the untreated, initially present toxin.

In embodiments, the mycotoxin (e.g. DON) in the treated biorefinery stream (e.g. syrup) is reduced to less than 5 ppm, less than 1 ppm, or from 5-1 ppm with a dwell time of 30 minutes. Depending on the mycotoxin and the specifications for the mycotoxin amount, the described method can also be used to reduce the mycotoxin to as low as 1 ppb.

In embodiments, the mycotoxin (e.g. DON) in the treated biorefinery process stream (e.g. syrup) reduced to less than 1 ppm at 30 minutes dwell time. It is expected that dwell times of less than 30 minutes will effectively reduce DON levels to acceptable values. For example, dwell times of less than 10 minutes, less than 5 minutes, or even less than 1 minute are expected to provide effective mycotoxin reduction. It is not necessary to reduce the DON to less than 1 ppm. For example, the FDA advises a DON limit for DDGS of 30 ppm, less than 10 ppm in total ration for ruminating beef cattle and feed lot beef cattle older than four months. The FDA advises a DON limit for DDGS of 30 ppm, less than 5 ppm in total ration for dairy cattle older than 4 months. The FDA advises a DON limit for grains and grain by-products of 5 ppm, less than 20% of diet for swine

In embodiments, the DON in the treated syrup stream is reduced to less than 1 ppm at 30 minutes dwell time, less than 10 minutes, less than 5 minutes, or even less than 1 minute.

In embodiments, the DON in the treated biorefinery process stream e.g. DDGS reduced to less than 1 ppm at 30 minutes dwell time, less than 10 minutes, less than 5 minutes, or even less than 1 minute.

Remediation of toxins in biorefinery process streams according to the described process preserves the value of DDGS that would otherwise be degraded by the presence of toxins in the feedstock or grain. Such remediation may also reduce input costs to the biorefinery operation by permitting the use of grain that has been discounted due to the presence of toxins. Such remediation may also improve grain usage by facilitating the use of grain that would otherwise go to waste. The toxin remediation system described herein requires a relatively low capital investment and relatively low operating expense. The system may be monitored and metered so that it consumes treatment compound and operates equipment only when and only to the degree needed.

Additional embodiments include the following:

-   -   1. A process for remediating mycotoxin in one or more         biorefinery process streams, wherein the process comprises         introducing one or more treatment compounds into at least one         grain biorefinery process stream to form a treated grain         biorefinery process stream, wherein the at least one grain         biorefinery process stream comprises a mycotoxin in a first         amount, wherein the one or more treatment compounds react with         the mycotoxin to form a treated mycotoxin, and wherein the         treated grain biorefinery process stream comprises the mycotoxin         in a second amount, wherein the second amount is less than the         first amount.     -   2. The process of embodiment 1, wherein the treated mycotoxin is         less toxic than the mycotoxin in the first amount.     -   3. The process as in one of embodiments 1-2, wherein the treated         mycotoxin is nontoxic.     -   4. The process as in one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the         biorefinery process stream comprises a grain-to-ethanol         conversion process.     -   5. The process as in one of embodiments 1-4, wherein the at         least one grain biorefinery process stream is produced by the         steps of:         -   i. milling the grain to provide a milled grain;         -   ii. mixing the milled grain with water to form a slurry;         -   iii. saccharifying the slurry;         -   iv. fermenting the saccharified slurry with a yeast to             produce a beer;         -   v. separating the beer to produce an ethanol stream and a             solids stream; and         -   vi. drying the solids stream to produce dried distillers             grain.     -   6. The process as in one of embodiments 1-5, wherein the at         least one grain biorefinery process stream is a milled grain, a         slurry, a beer, a whole stillage, a thin stillage, a syrup, a         cake, a dried distiller's grain or combination thereof.     -   7. The process as in one of embodiments 1-6, wherein the grain         is a cereal grain.     -   8. The process as in one of embodiments 1-7, wherein the grain         is corn, wheat, rye, barley, rice or sorghum.     -   9. The process as in one of embodiments 1-8, wherein the         mycotoxin comprises at least one aflatoxin, ochratoxin,         citrinin, ergo alkaloids, patulin, or fusarium toxins.     -   10. The process as in one of embodiments 1-9, wherein the         mycotoxin comprises at least one deoxynivalenol.     -   11. The process as in one of embodiments 1-10, wherein the         treatment compound includes a sulfur oxyanion.     -   12. The process of claim 11 wherein the sulfur oxyanion is a         sulfate, a sulfite, a bisulfite or a metabisulfite.     -   13. The process as in one of embodiments 1-12, wherein the         treatment compound is an ammonium bisulfite, potassium         bisulfite, sodium bisulfite, or combination thereof     -   14. The process as in one of embodiments 1-13, wherein the         treatment amount is between 0.05% to about 5% weight of the         biorefinery process stream.     -   15. The process as in one of embodiments 1-14, wherein the         introducing the one or more treatment compounds into the at         least one grain biorefinery process stream comprises a dwell         time of from 1 hour to 24 hours between the introducing and         producing the dried distillers grains.     -   16. The process as in one of embodiments 1-15, wherein the         introducing the one or more treatment compounds into the at         least one biorefinery process stream is at temperatures from         30° C. to 120° C.     -   17. The process as in one of embodiments 1-16, wherein the one         or more biorefinery process stream comprises 5 to 60% solids by         weight.     -   18. The process as in one of embodiments 1-17, wherein the         mycotoxin in the second amount is reduced by 30% or more as         compared to the mycotoxin in the first amount.     -   19. The process as in one of embodiments 1-18, wherein the         treated grain biorefinery process stream is a whole stillage,         thin stillage, syrup or combination thereof     -   20. The process as in one of embodiments 1-19, wherein the         treated grain biorefinery process stream has a concentration of         mycotoxin of less than 5 ppm.     -   21. The process as in one of embodiments 1-20, wherein the         treated mycotoxin comprises a deoxynivalenol sulfonate.     -   22. A composition produced by the process as in one of         embodiments 1-21.     -   23. A system for remediating toxins comprising:         -   a reactant storage system comprising one or more treatment             compounds; and         -   a metering system in fluid communication with the reactant             storage system, wherein the system is adapted to be coupled             to one or more grain biorefinery process streams to add a             controlled amount of the one or more treatment compounds             into the one or more grain biorefinery process streams, to             produce a treated grain biorefinery process stream, wherein             the at least one grain biorefinery process stream comprises             a mycotoxin in a first amount, wherein the one or more             treatment compounds reacts with the mycotoxin to form a             treated mycotoxin, and wherein the treated grain biorefinery             process stream comprises the mycotoxin in a second amount,             wherein the second amount is less than the first amount.     -   24. The system of claim 23 further comprising a mixing system in         fluid communication with an inlet and an outlet of one or more         grain biorefinery process streams and the metering system.     -   25. The system as in one of embodiments 23-24 further connected         to one or more of:         -   a milling system, wherein the milling system mills a             feedstock to provide a milled material;         -   a saccharification system for converting the slurry into             sugar, wherein the saccharification system is in fluid             communication with the milling system;         -   a fermentation system comprising yeast and in fluid             communication with the saccharification system, the             fermentation system converts the sugar into a beer;         -   a distillation system in fluid communication with the             fermentation system, wherein the distillation system can             distill the beer to form a distillate comprising the alcohol             and a solids stream; and         -   a separation system in fluid communication with the solid             stream to produce dried distillers grain.

Example 1

Experiments were performed that demonstrated that sodium bisulfite (SBS) was effective at reducing the measurable quantity of deoxynivalenol (DON) in syrup by the NEOGEN™ VERATOX™ for DON 2/3 kit. Initial testing resulted in reductions in DON. Treating syrup with SBS at process temperatures for extended time periods resulted in a DON reduction of greater than 85% in the syrup stream. Encouraged by these initial test results, further testing was performed utilizing a design of experiments to determine an equation modeling the effect of time, temperature, and SBS in the treatment of syrup. Syrup from a corn ethanol biorefinery was obtained and processed in the laboratory. All thermal treatments were performed utilizing a Parr 4560 reactor and a combined total of 70 g of syrup and SBS per reaction. Reaction conditions were from 85° C. to 115° C.; for 2 to 6 hours; and 0 to 0.05 g sodium bisulfite per dry gram syrup. The results from this study indicated a correlation between the SBS loading and the reduction in syrup DON. The model predicts a greater than 85% reduction in syrup DON is likely if treatment in a commercial process syrup tank is utilized. It was calculated that at a plant that is currently producing DDGS with 14.5 ppm DON with a 95% reduction in syrup DON would produce DDGS with 4.6 ppm DON.

Example 2

Syrup from a corn ethanol biorefinery was obtained and processed in the laboratory. Treatment was performed utilizing a Parr 4560 reactor and a combined total of 70 g of syrup and SBS per reaction. The reaction condition was carried out at 50° C. for 120 minutes and varying amounts of sodium bisulfite per dry gram syrup. The DON was measured by NEOGEN™ VERATOX™ for DON 2/3 kit.

FIG. 4 showed that as the SBS dose increased, the DON was reduced in the treated syrup.

Example 3

Syrup from a corn ethanol biorefinery was obtained and processed in the laboratory. Treatment was performed utilizing a Parr 4560 reactor and a combined total of 70 g of syrup and SBS per reaction. The reaction condition was carried out at 85° C. for 30 minutes to 180 minutes using 0.048 grams sodium bisulfite per dry gram syrup. The DON was measured by NEOGEN™ VERATOX™ for DON 2/3 kit.

FIG. 5 showed that the DON in the treated syrup reduced to less than 1 ppm at 30 minutes dwell time.

Example 4

Syrup from a corn ethanol biorefinery was obtained and processed in the laboratory using a Parr 4560 reactor and combined with either 0.048 grams of SBS or ammonium bisulfite per dry gram of syrup. Ammonium bisulfite was a 65% aqueous solution of 95% ammonium bisulfite and 5% potassium bisulfite. The doses of the two reagents used were molar equivalent bisulfite doses. The reaction condition was carried out at 85° C. for 30, 60 and 90 minutes.

FIG. 6 showed reduction of DON in syrup with ammonium bisulfite was similar to sodium bisulfite.

Example 5

A test of SBS treatment in a grain-to-ethanol conversion process was performed in phases in which treatment was not conducted, and phases in which treatment was conducted. The data is shown in FIG. 7 . Syrup was fed through a feed line into a syrup tank. The syrup was fed from the syrup tank to the dryers where it combined with wet cake and was dried to produce DDGS. In Phase 1, no treatment was conducted and samples of dried DDGS were collected and analyzed to measure the ppm of DON present. In Phase 2, 1.5 gallons per minute of a 38% aqueous solution of SBS was supplied continuously into the feed line of the syrup tank and samples of dried DDGS were collected and analyzed to measure the ppm of DON present. In Phase 3, the flow of SBS was stopped and again untreated samples of dried DDGS were collected and analyzed to measure the ppm of DON present. In Phase 4, 1 gallon per minute of a 38% aqueous solution of SBS was supplied continuously into the feed line of the syrup tank and samples of dried DDGS were collected and analyzed to measure the ppm of DON present. FIG. 7 showed that the amount of DON in the DDGS was reduced by approximately 40% to 50% when the SBS treatment system was in operation.

Example 6

A treated mycotoxin in which the DON levels in DON-contaminated DDGS were reduced by the method described in Example 5 (1.5 gallons per minute of a 38% aqueous solution of SBS was supplied continuously into the feed line of the syrup tank) and samples of dried DDGS were collected, analyzed and tested for its effect on pig growth.

A total of 247 growing pigs (55.3±4.6 lb.) were housed at a wean-to-finish facility, randomly allotted to 18 pens (13-14 pigs/pen) containing one 3-hole feeder 2 free-access nipple drinkers, and assigned to one of 3 experimental diets: control, DONDDGS, and treated-DDGS. All experimental diets were corn/soybean meal based containing 30% DDGS (low DON, DON contaminated, and treated DON DDGS, respectively; Table 1).

TABLE 1 Levels of DON in the corn, DDGS sources and mixed diets on d 0 and 21¹. Item DON, ppm Corn 0.1 Clean DDGS (Control) 1.0 Treated DDGS (trtDDGS) 7.3 Untreated DDGS (DONDDGS) 11.6 d 0 mixed diets Control 0.1 trtDDGS 1.9 DONDGGS 3.0 d 21 mixed diets Control 0.2 trtDDGS 2.6 DONDDGS 3.0 ¹The DON value for com is the mean of 3 com samples (1 sample from each of the experimental diets). Diet samples were taken at mixing (d 0) and from each feeder at the completion of the trial (d 21).

All diets met or exceeded nutrient requirements for growing pigs based on NRC (2012) and provided ad libitum. Experimental diets were fed for 21 days. Samples of the DDGS and corn used in the diets were analyzed for DON. Samples of the mixed diets were collected at day 0 and 21 and analyzed for proximate analysis and DON.

Pigs were weighed individually on day 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, and 21. Feed disappearance was determined simultaneously with pig weight.

Statistical Analysis

Performance data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS (Version 9.4; SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC) as a repeated measures model with pen as the random variable, weigh period as the repeated variable, and dietary treatment was the fixed effect. Weekly performance responses were analyzed as a completely random design where differences between treatment means were tested using Tukey's adjusted means test when a significant main effect was observed. Results were considered significant at P<0.05 and tendency at 0.05≥P≤0.10.

Evidence of vomiting was observed within 4 hours of the experimental diets being available and was observed only in the DONDDGS pens. Vomiting was not observed beyond the first 24 hours of starting the trial. Otherwise, pig health was good with only 1 pig removed prior to the last day due to poor growth after repeated veterinary treatment.

Diet Mycotoxin Content

Negligible DON content was measured in the ground corn used for the experimental diets. The level of DON in the ‘clean’ DDGS resulted in a DON level below the FDA recommended level (no greater than 1 ppm) in the control diet. The sodium bisulfate treatment appeared to be effective at reducing the DON content in DON-DDGS by 37%, resulting in diet DON content of 1.9 ppm. The level of DON appeared stable in the control and DONDDGS diets with some increase in DONDDGS levels in the trtDDGS diet by the end of the 21 days.

Pig Performance

There was no main effect of diet on daily gain but a tendency (P=0.084) for an interaction between weigh period and diet where daily gain was not different between each weight period and lower (P≤0.05) in the first 3 days in pigs fed DONDDGS and trtDDGS compared to other weigh periods. Daily feed intake increased over time (P<0.0001) and there was a tendency (P=0.071) for DONDDGS-fed pigs to have lower (P=0.029) overall intake compared to trtDDGS-fed. Overall intake was not different between trtDDGS- and Control-fed pigs. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A grain biorefinery comprising: a) a fermentation system configured to produce beer by converting sugar into biochemical via a microorganism; b) a distillation system in fluid communication with the fermentation system, wherein the distillation system is configured to separate alcohol from the beer and form whole stillage; c) a separation system in fluid communication with the distillation system, wherein the separation system is configured to separate a thin stillage stream from the whole stillage, wherein the thin stillage stream comprises one or more mycotoxins; d) a thin stillage processing system in fluid communication with the thin stillage stream, wherein the thin stillage processing system is configured to process the thin stillage stream and form one or more biorefinery process streams; e) a remediation system for remediating deoxynivalenol, the remediation system comprising a reactant storage system that comprises one or more treatment compounds that can react with the deoxynivalenol in the thin stillage stream and/or in the one or more biorefinery process streams, wherein the remediation system is configured to add an amount of the one or more treatment compounds into the thin stillage stream and/or the one or more biorefinery process streams to make the thin stillage stream and/or the one or more biorefinery process streams, respectively, less toxic than before adding the amount of the one or more treatment compounds, and wherein the amount of the one or more treatment compounds that is added by the remediation system is adjustable to correspond to a level of deoxynivalenol to be treated.
 2. The biorefinery of claim 1, wherein the remediation system further comprises a metering system that is in fluid communication with the reactant storage system, and wherein the metering system is configured to meter a dose corresponding to the amount of the one or more treatment compounds.
 3. The biorefinery of claim 1, wherein the remediation system is configured to sense a level of deoxynivalenol at one or more points upstream and/or one or more points downstream from where the remediation system is configured to add the amount of the one or more treatment compounds, and wherein the remediation system further comprises a controller that is configured to control the amount of the one or more treatment compounds that is added so that the level of deoxynivalenol is within a target range.
 4. The biorefinery of claim 3, further comprising a source of the grain feedstock, and wherein the remediation system is configured to sense the level of deoxynivalenol in the source of the grain feedstock.
 5. The biorefinery of claim 3, wherein the grain biorefinery is configured to form a dried grain product, and wherein the remediation system is configured to sense the level of deoxynivalenol in the dried grain product.
 6. The biorefinery of claim 1, wherein the remediation system is configured to add the amount of the one or more treatment compounds on a continuous basis.
 7. The biorefinery of claim 1, wherein the remediation system is configured to add the amount of the one or more treatment compounds on an intermittent basis.
 8. The biorefinery of claim 1, wherein the one or more treatment compounds are present in an aqueous solution in the reactant storage system.
 9. The biorefinery of claim 1, wherein the remediation system is portable and mounted on a skid.
 10. The biorefinery of claim 1, wherein the one or more biorefinery streams comprise a syrup stream, wherein the thin stillage processing system comprises an evaporation system, wherein the evaporation system is in fluid communication with at least a portion of the thin stillage stream, and wherein the evaporation system is configured to remove moisture from the at least a portion of the thin stillage stream and form the syrup stream.
 11. The biorefinery of claim 10, wherein the thin stillage processing system is configured to collect the syrup stream prior to further processing the syrup.
 12. The biorefinery of claim 1, further comprising a dryer system in fluid communication with at least one of the one or more biorefinery process streams, wherein the dryer system is configured to dry the at least one of the one or more biorefinery process streams.
 13. The biorefinery of claim 12, wherein the separation system is configured to separate a wet cake stream from the whole stillage, wherein the dryer system in fluid communication with the wet cake stream, and wherein the dryer system is configured to dry the wet cake stream.
 14. The biorefinery of claim 1, further comprising a source of milled grain feedstock, wherein the biorefinery is configured to form a slurry comprising the milled grain feedstock, and wherein the slurry is in fluid communication with the fermentation system.
 15. The biorefinery of claim 14, further comprising: a) a source of grain feedstock, wherein the grain in chosen from corn, wheat, barley, rice, sorghum, rye, and combinations thereof; b) a milling system in fluid communication with the source of grain feedstock, wherein the milling system is configured to mill the grain feedstock and form the milled grain feedstock.
 16. The biorefinery of claim 1, wherein the remediation system is configured to add the one or more treatment compounds in amount from 0.05% to about 5% by weight.
 17. The biorefinery of claim 1, wherein the remediation system is configured to add the one or more treatment compounds so that the one or more treatment compounds are present in the thin stillage stream and/or the one or more biorefinery process streams for a dwell time from 1 hour to 24 hours.
 18. The biorefinery of claim 1, wherein the remediation system is configured to add the one or more treatment compounds into the thin stillage stream and/or the one or more biorefinery process streams while the thin stillage stream and/or the one or more biorefinery process streams, respectively, is at temperatures from 55° C. to 120° C.
 19. The biorefinery of claim 1, wherein the remediation system is adapted to be controlled to add the amount of the one or more treatment compounds based on a determination that the deoxynivalenol is present in grain feedstock and/or one or more process streams derived from the grain feedstock.
 20. The biorefinery of claim 19, wherein the determination is based on a level of the deoxynivalenol determined in a sample of the grain feedstock and/or the one or more process streams derived from the grain feedstock.
 21. The biorefinery of claim 19, wherein the remediation system comprises a controller that is configured to add the amount of the one or more treatment compounds in response to receiving a signal from a sensor configured to sense a level of the deoxynivalenol in the one or more process streams derived from the grain feedstock.
 22. The biorefinery of claim 19, further comprising a testing system configured to test if the deoxynivalenol is present in a sample of grain feedstock and/or one or more process streams derived from the grain feedstock.
 23. The biorefinery of claim 1, wherein the one or more biorefinery process streams comprise syrup, wherein the remediation system is fluidly coupled to piping that transports the syrup, and wherein the remediation system is configured to introduce the one or more treatment compounds into the piping that transports the syrup in an amount from 0.01 to about 0.05 grams of the one or more treatment compounds per dry gram of the syrup.
 24. The biorefinery of claim 1, wherein the thin stillage processing system comprises an evaporation system in fluid communication with the separation system, wherein the evaporation system is configured to concentrate the thin stillage received from the separation system and discharge syrup from the evaporation system, wherein the remediation system is configured to add an amount of the one or more treatment compounds into the syrup downstream from the evaporation system to make the syrup less toxic than before adding the amount of the one or more treatment compounds.
 25. The biorefinery of claim 24, wherein the remediation system is fluidly coupled to piping that transports the syrup, and wherein the remediation system is configured to introduce the one or more treatment compounds into the piping that transports the syrup.
 26. The process of claim 24, wherein the remediation system is fluidly coupled to a syrup tank configured to collect the syrup, and wherein the remediation system is configured to introduce the one or more treatment compounds into the syrup tank.
 27. The biorefinery of claim 24, wherein the remediation system is configured to add the amount of the one or more treatment compounds on an intermittent basis.
 28. The biorefinery of claim 24, wherein the one or more treatment compounds comprise one or more sulfur-containing compounds, and wherein the one or more treatment compounds react with the at least a portion of the deoxynivalenol present in the syrup to form deoxynivalenol sulfonate.
 29. The biorefinery of claim 28, wherein the one or more sulfur-containing compounds are chosen from potassium bisulfite, sodium bisulfite and combinations thereof. 